Monday, December 14, 2009

Gevurah

Gevurah
To Jonathan Omer-Man

I stood alone at the foot of Sinai,
A stranger among my people.
There was one who called my name,
And we stood together at the foot of Sinai,
But my strangeness came between us.

I gave him my love on the Day of the Covenant—
He never knew what door it was he closed against me,
Or what was broken with my heart.
I turned away from him on the Day of Atonement,
Not giving, not asking forgiveness,

And away from the shadow of Sinai.

“It was your world!” I told him in despair.
Then there was a long silence.
I never told him that Sinai itself
Was his world, not mine—
I found nothing that day to deny it.

I have wandered now for twenty years,
Burdened with a twofold love and hate,
And God at last has thrown the gauntlet down.
By the ancient right of my people
I answer challenge for challenge,
Daring God to compare the weight
Of my grief against my treason.

Now it is the season of the Covenant,
And I have written him a letter
Not giving, not asking forgiveness;
Only knowing for the first time

That God’s justice and mercy are one.

Now I stand bruised but unfallen,
Awaiting the Day of Atonement,
The gauntlet in my hand,
Awaiting an answer to my letter,
Awaiting the blessing of God
Upon my battered arrogance—
A stranger among my people,
A daughter of Israel at last.


© 2009 by Linda S. Sang


I have had to come so far away from it in order to understand it all.
–Lawrence Durrell

This poem was written sometime in late May or early June 1984. It has no direct connection with my sister’s death on May 18th of that year, although there are a great many indirect connections. I can’t remember now whether I wrote “Unsent Letters” first or “Gevurah,” but there couldn’t have been more than a couple of weeks between them. “Gevurah” commemorates an intense process of reassessment that was going on at about the same time. It’s hard to say when that process began—maybe a couple of months before my sister’s death. Although I wouldn’t have put it this way at the time, I now recognize that period as the time of my second initiation.

Maiden, Mother, Crone: I have experienced three major initiations in my life, corresponding to the three phases of the moon, the three stages of a woman’s life, the three faces of the Goddess. All of them unfolded over a period of about four months. They were not ceremonial initiations, although I’ve also experienced a few of those in more than one spiritual tradition. Judaism wasn’t one of them. But Judaism— specifically, my own experience of Judaism--was at the epicenter of all three of the inner initiations. After a real initiation, you can no more go back to being who you were before than a butterfly can go back into its cocoon. I’m grateful to Clarissa Pinkola Estes for giving me the language to talk about initiations, and for making it possible for me to recognize my third initiation even as it was unfolding. But that was many years after I wrote this poem.


On Yom Kippur 1964, when I was eighteen years old, I stood in the courtyard of a suburban Reform temple and silently made the vow spoken under duress, the Marrano vow. Of course it was many years before I realized I had done that. To this day, I can’t be sure whether what I did was a sin or not, although I’m inclined to the belief that it wasn’t. What still impresses me the most about that moment is its absolute inevitability. I can’t conceive of any alternate reality where something very much like it wouldn’t have happened. At times I’ve said—somewhat melodramatically, I have to admit—that I called down a curse on the Jewish community. But it wasn’t so much a curse as a massive counter-rejection of a world that rejected me—and had recently told me so in the most direct and painful way possible.

I have struggled to understand that moment ever since, although in the beginning I was simply reactive. When I walked out of the temple courtyard with my head high, taking great care not to look at a certain young man as I passed him, mostly what I felt was the grim satisfaction of seeing through a scam at long last. Nobody ever bothered to tell me that being Jewish wasn’t my birthright as I’d always been led to believe. It was something I had to be able to afford. If I hadn’t been such a naïve fool and so madly in love, I could have figured it out myself a long time ago. Oh well, better late than never.

But I’ve never been satisfied with easy answers even if they are my own. Even beyond the desire to avoid pain, even beyond the desire for love and acceptance and recognition, my deepest desire has always been to understand, to explore both wider and deeper, to discover the hidden connections between events and understand their significance. It didn’t take me long to realize there was a great deal of meaning under the surface of that moment when I stood at the crossroads in the temple courtyard. I also sensed there were some meanings that would only become clear as the future unfolded, not only for me personally but for Judaism itself. But it was a long time before I was able to overcome enough of the anger and bitterness to begin exploring those meanings.

So inevitably, my second initiation involved taking a long, hard look back in time at the first one. It was completed when I wrote the last line of this poem. I didn’t know I was going to end it that way until just before I wrote that line. I can still remember the tears streaming down my face when I realized there was no other possible ending for it. There was another quasi-ceremonial ending to the initiation a few months later on Yom Kippur, a small private ritual nobody knew about but me. I returned to the same spot in the temple courtyard where I stood 20 years before and formally retracted the Marrano vow.

That was the beginning of my “re-entry” period, although there was still plenty of leftover bitterness and resentment. It manifested as a hyper-critical attitude, a hair-trigger touchiness, my sensitive radar ever alert to the slightest hint of condescension or condemnation. I probably projected it a hundred times where no condemnation actually existed. A few months after Yom Kippur, I attended the first meeting of a lecture series on the tales of Rabbi Nachman of Bratzlav at the local Reform temple. I was very impressed with the speaker, but in his talk he used the word “heretic.” I walked up to him after the lecture with a chip on my shoulder the size of a log and asked him what he meant by a “heretic.” He answered thoughtfully, “I would say…someone who mistakes the part for the whole.”


I know he picked up on the Attitude right away, but he also saw past it and through it to the yearning underneath. That’s why “Gevurah” is dedicated to him.






19 comments:

Trish and Rob MacGregor said...

Intriguing poem!
Thanks for your comments on our blog. Your insight into the mirror: didn't know the origin.

Raksha said...

I didn't realize that mirror comment ever got posted! For some reason, it didn't show up after my last edit and I thought I had somehow hit a wrong key and lost it. I'll have to take a look and see if there has been any feedback.

Rosamonde Ikshvàku Miller said...

What a powerful poem and personal commentary of a woman’s journey, a warrior of the spirit that doesn’t shy away from the difficult questions and their evolving answers. Please keep writing and stirring our souls with your words.
Rosamonde Miller

Raksha said...

Thank you so much, Rosamonde. Your kind words mean so much to me, especially coming from you and especially right now. I hope you can look past my anger and excessive wordiness on Facebook and in Messenger. They weren't actually directed at our mutual friend, and certainly not at you.

I can't say any more now, except that I definitely intend to keep writing. Both on this blog and on two others that I've had in mind for a long time. And maybe elsewhere too.

Love and Light,
Linda

Raksha said...

Rosamonde: I'm even more of a warrior than you know. I'll even fight you if I have to, as I believe you found out today. Fortunately, I have many brothers and sisters in the Light. Some of them are from the distant past, going all the way back to the days when I got my first computer with a modem. It came with Prodigy software already installed, and I was instantly hooked...in more ways than one, unfortunately. Many of the friends I made in those days are still my Facebook friends, so I can always call for reinforcements as needed. Others are newly discovered. A few very special ones have been in my local San Bernardino groups for years, but I find them everywhere and from every period of my life. The best ones are those with both the vision, knowledge and skills needed to build a new world from the ashes of the old one. BOTH are necessary and desperately needed.

Love and Light,
Linda

Unknown said...

A Qabalistic term which is the name of the fifth Sephira, a passive female power, which means severity and power; therefore, it is called the Pillar of Severity. According to the Kabbalah, the sparks of the soul contained in Adam were divided into three main classes, corresponding to his three sons, namely: Hesed Habel Abel Gèboor-ah Qai-yin Cain Ràh-min Seth Set Geburah, or Geboorah, is the fifth Sephira. It originates from Chesed, but is essentially a reflection of Binah. It is feminine and represents Strength and Power. She is given the divine name Elohim Gibor, Mighty or Powerful God. Although belonging to the Column of Severity, his attributions are masculine and vigorous. The Greek god that equals it is Mars, the Egyptian divinity is Nephthys, the Scandinavian one Thor. Its weapons are the sword, the spear, the whip and the stylus, its metal is the iron, its tree the oak, its plants the tobacco and the nettle. Its color is red, the stone is ruby, the Hebrew letter associated with HE, the element fire, the zodiac sign the ram, the symbolic representation of the Pope, the number 5.

Unknown said...

We have now entered the second week of the seven-week Omer counting period. The weeks between Pesach and Shavuot each represent one of God’s seven attributes, by emulating these characteristics, we are able to prepare ourselves for the spiritual mastery necessary for receiving the Torah on Sinai.

Gevurah – Part 1

Chesed represents giving. What happens, though, if the beneficence is too much and cannot be handled properly by the beneficiary? What if unrestricted love becomes overbearing? Can Chesed still be called kindness? Is there a way to stop Chesed from being overwhelming? The answer lies in the next Sefirah, Gevurah.

Gevurah means strength, power, heroism or courage. It implies great power and energy, along with willpower and toughness. It is the “left hand” to Chesed’s “right hand,” the discipline and restraint to Chesed’s benevolence and beneficence. Gevurah acts to restrain the overwhelming attributes associated with Chesed, allowing us to define, contain and properly utilize the blessings found in the latter Sefirah.

In the Kabbalah, Gevurah serves as the attribute of Judgment, because a judgment imposes restraining or constricting orders with regard to a person’s movements. One who must pay a fine for misbehavior or who is sent to prison for a crime is no longer free to act as he wishes. On a deeper level, Gevurah represents “severities”—harsh suffering that results when a judgment is not tempered with compassion. (For example, the original restrictions placed upon a person are considered too lenient and when the case is reviewed, a harsher sentence is handed down.)

Unknown said...

Gevurah, in a negative sense, can also be associated with anger. Rebbe Nachman teaches that when a person is angry, he is said to be in a state of “constricted intellect” (see Likutey Moharan I, 21:12). An angry person often acts as if he is “blinded” by rage and will rarely listen to reason; hence, anger constricts his intellect. All these ideas of constriction are seen in the concept of Gevurah, which is also, conceptually, the Tzimtzum of Creation.

Gevurah emphasizes our responsibilities even—and especially— while we are engaged in acts of Chesed. It fortifies us with the discipline necessary to constrain the overwhelming desires of our minds and hearts, and to establish parameters to surround and protect our efforts to actualize our potential. It gives us the power to control our natural inclinations and desires, a necessary trait in all areas of life.

Included within the boundaries of Gevurah is the conscious avoidance of anger, jealousy and any form of cruelty. For example, a parent might wish to discipline a child. Is the discipline a result of the parent’s desire for the child’s welfare, or his own impatience?

Alternately, in the area of heroism, are one’s efforts solely dedicated to God and Godliness, or do his intentions lean towards self-aggrandizement and one-upmanship? Gevurah—restraint—demands that we continually evaluate our thoughts, words and deeds and purge them of ulterior motives and hidden agendas.

Gevurah also implies acting with simplicity. A self-disciplined person approaches each task in a simple and straightforward manner. A person who acts in a sophisticated manner, constantly reaching beyond his capabilities or the task at hand, will soon find himself treading in deep water. Philosophical pursuits of the intellect, for example, steer a person away from God and Godliness and the attainment of his rightful goals.

By invoking Gevurah in the proper manner, we can enhance our lives and become true recipients of the blessings and bounty brought down through Chesed and the Mochin. Moreover, when we properly invoke the power of Gevurah in our own lives, we can “convince” God, as it were, to restrain His judgments, which in turn allows us to benefit from His Chesed.

Let us turn to Rebbe Nachman for advice on acquiring and developing this invaluable attribute.

Always remember you are a part of God above. The essence of Godliness is to be found in the heart. The Godliness in your heart is infinite. There is no end to the light of the flame that burns there. The holy desire which is there is infinite. But this same burning passion makes it impossible for you to accomplish anything at all in your service of God, nor would you be able to reveal any good trait, if you did not hold this passion within certain limits. You must “contract” it, so to speak, in order to be able to serve God in a measured and orderly way. God desires your service. There are specific actions and devotions which He asks of you. He wants you to develop your character traits and behavior in an orderly, systematic manner. This is how His kingship will be revealed (Likutey Moharan I, 49:1).

The passion about which Rebbe Nachman speaks is holy desire taken to the wrong extreme. Most of us are more familiar with the opposite type of passion, that of our evil inclination. This is a burning desire to go against the Will of God—to be lazy, uncaring, mean, hardhearted, and all the other adjectives that pose a challenge to God and His world. If we let our evil inclination burn without restraint, our lives will be totally subjugated to the negative traits and immoral attractions of this world.

But one who subdues his evil inclination must make sure he doesn’t go too far to the other extreme. Zealousness and fanaticism have no place in Rebbe Nachman’s code; they represent a force of “unrestrained love” beyond one’s control. They act to occlude God’s Kingship, not reveal it.

Unknown said...

Rebbe Nachman is not the only teacher who advocates self control, but also Rebbe Yakov-Leib HaKohain and his beloved follower and disciple Yishai Ben Yakov-Leib, but his path offers the most simplified approach to mastering it. He expresses it this way: “Free choice is really that simple. If you want, you do it. If you don’t want, you don’t do it!” (Likutey Moharan II, 110). Reb Noson adds that he recorded this statement because of its towering significance. Many people think they do not have control over themselves. They are steeped in their habits from early on and feel they cannot exercise any restraint. But this is not true. At all times, in all places, a person has free choice. “If you want, you do it. If not, not!” This leads to another important idea: We can only invoke our Gevurah if we believe we have that strength within us. Faith in ourselves is the prerequisite for tapping into the energy of this Sefirah. It takes enormous strength to maintain our beliefs and act upon them when necessary. This manifestation of faith is the manifestation of Gevurah, resulting in both control of a situation that we believe is for our good and self-control, as we utilize our energies to move in the direction that is really the right choice for us. None of this can be accomplished except through the simplified approach, as Rebbe Nachman teaches, “The greatest cleverness is to work out how to avoid sophistication” (Likutey Moharan II, 44).

“Many times the Rebbe said that no sophistication is needed in serving God,” Reb Noson adds. “All that is required is simplicity, sincerity and faith” (Rabbi Nachman’s Wisdom #101).

Unknown said...

The Talmud teaches (Berakhot 61b), “The liver is angry.” Rebbe Nachman explains that an overexcited person is one whose “liver” has taken control of his emotions and polluted them, causing him to act like a wild beast. On the other hand, a person who controls his anger is at peace with himself. His most human side becomes apparent for all to see (Likutey Moharan I, 57:6). The liver is characterized this way because it must constantly toil at filtering and purifying the blood of the poisons which the body absorbs.

Similar to anger, jealousy can surge within a person and thrust him into a state of rage. The main difference between the two is that anger tends to dissipate after a while, but jealousy can persist and burn continuously, eating up a person’s very self. Jealousy, like anger, is one of the most harmful characteristics a person can have, and diverts him from his goals.

Reb Noson notes that a good person—one who sees the good in himself and others and always tries to bring out the best in everyone—is represented by a beneficial eye (the attribute of Chesed). A jealous person—one who sees the bad in himself and others and arouses ill feeling, hatred and arguments—is represented by the “evil eye.” Notwithstanding his own good fortune, a jealous person will harbor ill will towards anyone who possesses even a fraction of what he has (Likutey Halakhot, Ha’Oseh Shliach Ligvot Chovo 3:11)

Yet jealousy, like anger, has a beneficial side. One who is jealous of another’s wisdom, for example, and applies himself to attain that which he lacks, uses jealousy in a productive way. Our Sages extol the benefits of kinas sofrim (jealousy among scholars) for producing more and greater Torah thoughts (see Bava Batra 21a). We must apply our Gevurah—our ability to set boundaries in life—to learn when and where we can expend our energies in the most beneficial way, to establish the road to success, and to focus on and attain our goals.

Unknown said...

Anger and Jealousy

To truly harness the energy of Gevurah, we must also control our anger. Like the process of tzimtzum which is a necessary prelude to any creation (see p. 29), the energy of Gevurah can give rise to new worlds, shaping and actualizing our thoughts. That same energy, used in the wrong way—for example, as an explosion of selfishness or self-aggrandizement—will drive our goal out of reach. An angry person operates with limited vision, losing focus of what he sees. All that he does see is the object of his anger, ignoring extenuating circumstances, other justifications, or even a plea for mercy on the part of the “culprit.”

The only way to keep our attention fixed on our goals is to transform anger into compassion (Likutey Moharan I, 18:2). When we feel ourselves becoming angry with someone, we should ensure we do nothing unkind, but rather show kindness. This channeling of the energy of Gevurah into Chesed binds us to a higher level beyond our feelings of the moment and lets us reach out to something that is currently beyond our level—i.e., our goal. Through this act we can even grasp a vision of the Ultimate Goal, the World to Come. When we overcome our anger, we draw down the spirit of Mashiach, and it is reckoned as if through us the world, and all that is in it, was created. We then merit a good livelihood, we can pray to God without any extraneous motivation, and we can bring from potentiality to actuality all the mitzvot and good deeds that we must fulfill (Likutey Moharan I, 66).

The Talmud teaches (Berakhot 61b), “The liver is angry.” Rebbe Nachman explains that an overexcited person is one whose “liver” has taken control of his emotions and polluted them, causing him to act like a wild beast. On the other hand, a person who controls his anger is at peace with himself. His most human side becomes apparent for all to see (Likutey Moharan I, 57:6). The liver is characterized this way because it must constantly toil at filtering and purifying the blood of the poisons which the body absorbs.

Similar to anger, jealousy can surge within a person and thrust him into a state of rage. The main difference between the two is that anger tends to dissipate after a while, but jealousy can persist and burn continuously, eating up a person’s very self. Jealousy, like anger, is one of the most harmful characteristics a person can have, and diverts him from his goals.

Reb Noson notes that a good person—one who sees the good in himself and others and always tries to bring out the best in everyone—is represented by a beneficial eye (the attribute of Chesed). A jealous person—one who sees the bad in himself and others and arouses ill feeling, hatred and arguments—is represented by the “evil eye.” Notwithstanding his own good fortune, a jealous person will harbor ill will towards anyone who possesses even a fraction of what he has (Likutey Halakhot, Ha’Oseh Shliach Ligvot Chovo 3:11)

Yet jealousy, like anger, has a beneficial side. One who is jealous of another’s wisdom, for example, and applies himself to attain that which he lacks, uses jealousy in a productive way. Our Sages extol the benefits of kinas sofrim (jealousy among scholars) for producing more and greater Torah thoughts (see Bava Batra 21a). We must apply our Gevurah—our ability to set boundaries in life—to learn when and where we can expend our energies in the most beneficial way, to establish the road to success, and to focus on and attain our goals.

Unknown said...

This teaching is based on one of Rebbe Nachman’s most awesome lessons, “Ayeh?” This lesson was given in response to the impact of the Haskalah (Enlightenment movement) on the average Jew back in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Oppression by the Russian czars was suffocating the Jews at that time, and a new group of Jewish freethinkers arose that sought relief by abandoning the time-tested paths of Torah and prayer in favor of aping the surrounding culture. This effort, like other breakaway movements throughout the 1,700 years of Jewish exile that preceded it, only brought about new, sophisticated means of oppression, not to mention widespread assimilation.

Unknown said...

Obviously, Rebbe Nachman’s statement, “Too many people have been led astray by their own wisdom,” does not refer to someone who uses his mind to seek solutions to problems. Why else was a person given a mind, if not to think?! Instead, the Rebbe is stressing the importance of simplicity. We have a path that works: the Torah. It has held us together as a Jewish nation for millennia. Why look for some new, convoluted path that always proves its inability to sustain and nourish the soul, the potential of the nation? Keep it simple. Keep focused on the goal. The true goal is the World to Come, but even in this world, the goals we seek are attainable if we but focus and concentrate on them with a simple approach. Serve God with simplicity and purity, pursuing no sophistication at all. This is the true goal. Never so much as open a book of philosophy. This is no part of the heritage of Jacob. All speculative philosophy contains the stumbling block of Amalek, which is calculated to make people fall. In one moment they can lose worlds. There is no greater evil.

Unknown said...

Even books written by Jews which discuss speculative philosophy should be left alone, because they can harm the holy faith which is the root of everything. Thank God, we have many holy books today that are filled with sound guidance and the fear of God and are free of all speculation derived from the so-called “wisdom” of the Greeks. They are firmly founded on the holy words of the Sages of the Talmud and the Midrash. In particular, there are the books [of the Kabbalah] based on the teachings of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai. Explore them and go through them again and again (Likutey Moharan II, 19). Reb Noson explains, “The reason why the Rebbe forbade us to read even the philosophical works that are unimpeachable on religious grounds is because they raise very difficult questions about the ways of God and go into them at length—but when they come to answer them, the explanations they give are very weak and easily pulled down. Anyone who studies these works and tries to answer the questions rationally can be led to atheism when he realizes later on that the explanation is completely inadequate, while the problem continues to trouble him.

“The Rebbe told us to rely only on faith. If someone finds he has questions about such matters, he should know that it is impossible to give any explanations, because with our human minds it is impossible to comprehend the ways of God. All we have is faith—we must believe that everything is certainly correct and right, only with our minds it is impossible to understand God’s ways” (Tzaddik #150). The Rebbe once laughed and said: “If they would allow one dead soul to visit an assembly of philosophers, that would be the end of all their teachings!” (Rabbi Nachman’s Wisdom #226).

When we marry action to decision, our commitment to avoid sophistication and errant philosophies will be successful. Rebbe Nachman said: “I have a great longing to institute a rule that each person study a fixed amount in our sacred literature each day without fail.” He said that this should apply to those who are very far from holiness, even those who are caught in the evil trap and sin habitually, Heaven forbid. Still, the strength of the Torah is so great that it can free them from their habitual sins. If even the worst sinner would take upon himself a set practice to study a fixed amount every day, he would be able to escape from the evil trap. The Torah’s strength is so great that it can accomplish everything. A person’s main goal should be to do good and serve God without sophistication. Every good and holy thing can be done with absolute simplicity. One can study much Torah, do much good, and spend much time in prayer, all without sophistication at all (Rabbi Nachman’s Wisdom #19).

Unknown said...

The Simple Man’s Reward

Rebbe Nachman once said that God wins battles because of the simple folk who recite psalms with sincerity, and not because of those who use sophisticated means. He related this parable as an illustration: A king once went hunting disguised as a simple man so that he would have freedom of movement. Suddenly a heavy rain began to fall, literally like a flood. His ministers scattered in all directions, and the king was in great danger. He searched until he found the house of a villager. The villager invited the king in and offered him some groats. He lit the stove and let the king sleep on his pallet. This was very sweet and pleasant for the king. He was so tired and exhausted that it seemed as if he had never had such a pleasurable experience.

Meanwhile, the royal ministers searched high and low for the king, until they found him in this house. They wanted him to return to the palace with them. But the king said, “You did not even attempt to rescue me. Each one of you ran to save himself. But this man rescued me. Here I had the sweetest experience. Therefore, he will bring me back in his wagon, in these clothes, and he will sit with me on my throne” (Rabbi Nachman’s Stories, Parable #21).

Unknown said...

Before the coming of the Mashiach, Rebbe Nachman explains, the world will be flooded by atheism and immorality. This “flood” will come with such strength that it will even affect virtuous hearts, and no one will be able to fight it with any form of sophistication. All the “royal ministers” and leaders will be scattered, and the entire kingdom will not stand firm on its foundations. The only ones who will uphold God’s Kingdom will be the Jews who recite psalms in simplicity. When the Mashiach comes, they will be the ones to place the crown on his head.

Anger and Jealousy

To truly harness the energy of Gevurah, we must also control our anger. Like the process of tzimtzum which is a necessary prelude to any creation (see p. 29), the energy of Gevurah can give rise to new worlds, shaping and actualizing our thoughts. That same energy, used in the wrong way—for example, as an explosion of selfishness or self-aggrandizement—will drive our goal out of reach. An angry person operates with limited vision, losing focus of what he sees. All that he does see is the object of his anger, ignoring extenuating circumstances, other justifications, or even a plea for mercy on the part of the “culprit.”

The only way to keep our attention fixed on our goals is to transform anger into compassion (Likutey Moharan I, 18:2). When we feel ourselves becoming angry with someone, we should ensure we do nothing unkind, but rather show kindness. This channeling of the energy of Gevurah into Chesed binds us to a higher level beyond our feelings of the moment and lets us reach out to something that is currently beyond our level—i.e., our goal. Through this act we can even grasp a vision of the Ultimate Goal, the World to Come. When we overcome our anger, we draw down the spirit of Mashiach, and it is reckoned as if through us the world, and all that is in it, was created. We then merit a good livelihood, we can pray to God without any extraneous motivation, and we can bring from potentiality to actuality all the mitzvot and good deeds that we must fulfill (Likutey Moharan I, 66).

The Talmud teaches (Berakhot 61b), “The liver is angry.” Rebbe Nachman explains that an overexcited person is one whose “liver” has taken control of his emotions and polluted them, causing him to act like a wild beast. On the other hand, a person who controls his anger is at peace with himself. His most human side becomes apparent for all to see (Likutey Moharan I, 57:6). The liver is characterized this way because it must constantly toil at filtering and purifying the blood of the poisons which the body absorbs.

Similar to anger, jealousy can surge within a person and thrust him into a state of rage. The main difference between the two is that anger tends to dissipate after a while, but jealousy can persist and burn continuously, eating up a person’s very self. Jealousy, like anger, is one of the most harmful characteristics a person can have, and diverts him from his goals.

Reb Noson notes that a good person—one who sees the good in himself and others and always tries to bring out the best in everyone—is represented by a beneficial eye (the attribute of Chesed). A jealous person—one who sees the bad in himself and others and arouses ill feeling, hatred and arguments—is represented by the “evil eye.” Notwithstanding his own good fortune, a jealous person will harbor ill will towards anyone who possesses even a fraction of what he has (Likutey Halakhot, Ha’Oseh Shliach Ligvot Chovo 3:11)

Yet jealousy, like anger, has a beneficial side. One who is jealous of another’s wisdom, for example, and applies himself to attain that which he lacks, uses jealousy in a productive way. Our Sages extol the benefits of kinas sofrim (jealousy among scholars) for producing more and greater Torah thoughts (see Bava Batra 21a). We must apply our Gevurah—our ability to set boundaries in life—to learn when and where we can expend our energies in the most beneficial way, to establish the road to success, and to focus on and attain our goals.

Unknown said...

Rebbe Nachman is not the only teacher who advocates self control, but also Rebbe Yakov-Leib HaKohain and his beloved follower and disciple Yishai Ben Yakov-Leib, but his path offers the most simplified approach to mastering it. He expresses it this way: “Free choice is really that simple. If you want, you do it. If you don’t want, you don’t do it!” (Likutey Moharan II, 110).

Unknown said...

The study culminates in the appendix with the reproduction of "Something for the female sex" written by a Prague Frankist in 1800 with a commentary of Rebbe Yakov-Leib HaKohain and with some notes of Yishai Ben Yakov-Leib.

Anonymous said...

Fabrizio: Thank you so much for everything. In that long-ago talk in 1984, shortly after my sister's death, Jonathan Omer-Man focused on Rebbe Nachman's best-known story, namely The Seven Beggars. He only touched on the other stories in passing, and I don't even remember if he got all the way through The Seven Beggars. I should mention that he is mainly an oral teacher like Reb Yakov-Leib HaKohain.

Even though he writes very well, he is even more of a compulsive perfectionist about his writing than I am, which tends to limit his output. I'm the opposite--once I start, it's next to impossible to shut me up when I get on a roll, which always seems to happen at the worst of times! But this time I'll force myself to be brief because I know you're waiting for me to post the link again.

I don't know what prompted you to take this approach, but I'm forever grateful that you did. You commented "as if" you were continuing the lecture series on the Tales of Rabbi Nachman that so impressed me all those years ago, at the very beginning of my "re-entry" period. As I said, I had a chip on my shoulder the size of a log, and to a great extent I still do. I was still incredibly suspicious of the upper middle class Reform Jewish world, with its focus on academic achievement and financial success. Maybe this is strictly an American Jewish phenomenon--you probably know better than I do.

The idea that any member of the working class, especially a so-called "underachiever" in the academic and worldly sense, could be self-educated in mystical Judaism, and especially Lurianic Kabbalah, and be totally impatient and flat-out contemptuous of any hidebound male chauvinist pig who insisted she remember "woman's place" in divine scheme of things--according to their interpretation, of course. We both know who I'm talking about so I'll leave it at that for now.

With much love and gratitude,
Linda Siegel Sang